Журнал «Медицина неотложных состояний» Том 20, №8, 2024
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Фармакологічна профілактика венозної тромбоемболії у пацієнтів хірургічного профілю
Авторы: Саволюк С.І.1, 2, Бондаренко Л.Б.3
(1) - Національний університет охорони здоров’я України імені П.Л. Шупика, м. Київ, Україна
(2) - КНП «Київська міська клінічна лікарня № 8», м. Київ, Україна
(3) - ДУ «Інститут фармакології і токсикології НАМН України», м. Київ, Україна
Рубрики: Медицина неотложных состояний
Разделы: Справочник специалиста
Версия для печати
Венозна тромбоемболія (ВТЕ) — це третє з найбільш поширених серцево-судинних захворювань після інфаркту міокарда та інсульту, що вражає значний відсоток населення. Хірургічне втручання є добре відомим фактором ризику розвитку венозної тромбоемболії, і чим більш серйозним оперативним втручанням підлягають пацієнти, тим вищим є ступінь ризику її розвитку у них. У цьому огляді наведено аналіз основних факторів ризику виникнення венозної тромбоемболії у пацієнтів, що перенесли хірургічне втручання, ролі оптимізації балансу ризиків тромбоемболії/кровотечі у процесі визначення індивідуальних ризиків пацієнтів хірургічного профілю, а також наведено порівняльний аналіз засобів фармакотерапії венозної тромбоемболії за допомогою лікарських засобів із антиагрегантною та антикоагулянтною активністю. Узагальнення наявних у науковій літературі даних свідчить, що, незважаючи на наявне різноманіття засобів із антиагрегантною та антикоагулянтною активністю, низькомолекулярні гепарини другого покоління, яскравим представником яких може слугувати беміпарин, наразі є препаратами першої лінії фармакопрофілактики венозної тромбоемболії за умов значних хіріргічних втручань, що підтверджено численними клінічними випробуваннями, проведеними по всьому світу. Спеціальними клінічними дослідженнями підтверджено рівнозначність ефективності та безпечності, а у низці випадків — і певні переваги препаратів саме другого покоління (на прикладі беміпарину) порівняно з найпоширенішим зараз у клінічній практиці препаратом першого покоління еноксапарином для пацієнтів хірургічного/онкологічного профілю. Тривалість профілактики кровотеч для пацієнтів хірургічного/онкологічного профілю при застосуванні беміпарину та інших низькомолекулярних гепаринів, відповідно до даних більшості клінічних випробувань із належним рівнем доказовості, може становити залежно від індивідуально оцінюваних балансів ризиків тромбоемболії/кровотеч від 1–2 тижнів аж до 35 діб.
Venous thromboembolism is the third most common cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and stroke, affecting a significant percentage of the population. Surgery is a well-known risk factor for venous thromboembolism, and the more serious the surgical procedure, the higher the risk of developing it. This review provides an analysis of the main risk factors for venous thromboembolism in operated patients, the role of optimizing the balance of thromboembolism/bleeding risk in determining the individual risks of surgical patients, and a comparative analysis of therapy for venous thromboembolism using drugs with antiplatelet and anticoagulant activity. A summary of the data available in the scientific literature shows that, despite the existing variety of antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs, the second-generation low-molecular-weight heparins, with bemiparin as A prominent representative, are currently the first-line drugs for the pharmacoprophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in the context of major surgical interventions, which has been confirmed by numerous clinical trials conducted around the world. Special clinical studies have confirmed the equivalence of efficacy and safety, and in some cases, also certain advantages of second-generation drugs (for example, bemiparin) in comparison with enoxaparin, the most common first-generation drug currently used in clinical practice in surgical/oncological patients. The duration of bleeding prophylaxis with bemiparin and other low-molecular-weight heparins in surgical/oncological patients, according to the data of most clinical trials with an appropriate level of evidence, may range from 1–2 weeks up to 35 days, depending on the individually assessed balance of thromboembolism/bleeding risks.
венозна тромбоемболія; хірургічне втручання; фармакотерапія; беміпарин; еноксапарин; огляд
venous thromboembolism; surgical intervention; pharmacotherapy; bemiparin; enoxaparin; review
Фактори ризику розвитку венозної тромбоемболії
Баланс ризиків тромбоемболії/кровотечі
Фармакопрофілактика тромбоемболії
Низькомолекулярні гепарини
Висновки
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